Teacher Education Community Portal

Welcome !

Add to the Collection

MERLOT Teacher Education

Welcome to the Teacher Education Community Portal!

Browse the Collection

Take a look at some of the most recently reviewed materials in Teacher Education

Add to the Collection

Contribute an online learning material to the MERLOT repository

Become a Peer Reviewer

Join us in identifying some of the best Open Educational Resources available online

Welcome – From the Editor

Welcome to the MERLOT Teacher Education Portal, an educational resource for teaching and learning. You are invited to join MERLOT (it's free) and contribute to this growing community of teacher education instructors by using the learning materials, submitting your own modules and assignments for evaluation, and commenting and rating the materials in the collection. Feel free to add your favorite materials to MERLOT.

We are the proud recipients of the 2018 and 2015 House Cup for the most productive board. Our editorial board is composed of teacher educators from a variety of locations: Nicole Kendall Arrighi (Tennessee State University), Loretta Driskel (Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York via Colorado), and Kelly Jackson Charles (University of West Indies)

We would love to have you join us as a reviewer; email Loretta Driskel (ldriskel@clarkson.edu) for further information.

Showcase

A review by the Teacher Ed Board of our Classics Award winner, Nearpod

https://www.merlot.org/merlot/viewCompositeReview.htm?id=1379276

Explore Nearpod's award-winning K-12 interactive lessons, videos, and formative assessments. Built for distance learning, hybrid, and school-based settings.

You don’t have to start from scratch. Upload and make any of your favorite PowerPoints, Google Slides, and now, any video interactive. You can even upload videos directly from YouTube. Or, search our standards-aligned library of 8,500+ interactive lessons and videos across all grades and subjects.

Boost student participation with collaborative activities and formative assessments like Virtual Reality, Polls, Collaborate Boards, and game-based quizzes. Get student insights in real-time and in post-session reports.

New Materials

The Living Tree of Mathematics: Math Problems through World History and Cultures.
This multimedia book was developed at the University of Western Ontario. The development of the book was supported by the...
Hot take: Why authentic learning is the secret sauce schools need
Laura Williams has noticed something about projects in the classroom. Some of them are fake. Well, maybe a better word to...
ISIP - Introduksyon Sa Integridad Pang-akademya (Introduction to Academic Integrity)
The ISIP program is an initiative by the University of the Philippines Diliman, aimed at first-year students to introduce...
RECURSO EDUCATIVO - CAPACIDADES FÍSICAS BÁSICAS
Este RED está especialmente diseñado para estudiantes de grado sexto, con el objetivo de que aprendan de forma práctica y...
Aptitude Tests – Challenge Yourself with Timed Question Practice!
LearnTheta's aptitude tests provide multiple formats of aptitude tests which can be taken by the students to self assess...
Aptitude Concepts and Formulas: Quantitative Aptitude, Logical Reasoning & Verbal Ability
This shared resource offers concise summaries of key concepts and formulas across all major aptitude topics commonly...
English - ABC Education
Curriculum-linked learning resources for primary and secondary school teachers and students. Videos, games and...
[AUN-TEPL Webinar Series] Leveraging AI For Assessment: Crafting Prompts For Assessment Design and Feedback
This webinar explores how educators can use Artificial Intelligence (Al) to enhance assessment practices, with a...
Zine-making 101: Feminist pedagogy through creative assessments
Because too often, the author, Amanda Greer, PHd. believes, the aesthetics of girlhood are dismissed as frivolous...
Arrighi AI-C2 Utilization Spectrum Convenience to Competence - Innovative Education Solutions at TSU SMART Center
s part of the"Inclusive AI, Transformative Education" A.I. For All Applied AI for Education Research Center at Tennessee...
Perspectives on High-Impact Practices for an Exciting Educational Experience
This manuscript discusses the importance of high-impact teaching techniques in creating high-order thinking skills and...
Educate! What is an Engineer? Perspectives of Trailblazing Women Engineers
Trailblazing women engineers explain what engineering is and debunk myths about the field. Educate! is part of the...
Motivate! Motivational Messages from Accomplished Women Engineers
Accomplished women engineers inspire young women and give them advice about their future careers and lives. Motivate! is...
Encourage! Leading Women Engineers Encourage the Next Generation
Leading women engineers encourage girls to do what they love, defy stereotypes, push through setbacks, and pursue...
Inspire! Video Collection | Clarkson University
This three-part educational video collection, accompanied by a discussion guide for teachers, guidance counselors, Scout...
Trailblazers: The Untold Stories of Six Women Engineers
This short documentary (19:18 minutes) is aimed at adults and older high school students of all interests and...
Fanatic Mindset Course Correction
Fanatic Mindset Course Correction
Lexicology Course Outline
The objective of a lexicology course is to explore the structure, meaning, and usage of words within a language, focusing...
Aptitude Questions with Answers - Quant | Reasoning | Verbal
Resource provides curated Aptitude Questions with answers and detailed solution across Quant, Reasoning and Verbal...
Discover | Camerise Studio
Create & Discover Educational Resources for FSL/FLA Search our open library of resources created and shared by FSL...
Generative Artificial Intelligence in Higher Education: A Handbook for Educational Leaders
"Generative AI in Higher Education" is a book that explores the transformative impact of generative artificial...
Creativity with AI: New Report Imagines the Future of Student Success - SPONSOR CONTENT
In a world increasingly influenced by technological advancements like generative AI, how can we prepare students to not...
Ace Your Certification with the Best IIBA CCBA Practice Questions
The IIBA CCBA Certification of Capability in Business Analysis exam is designed for business analysts with experience who...
Half-Pint Kids Beginning Reader Decodable Books | Home
Make learning to read an exciting adventure with Half-Pint Readers, a unique series of decodable books created by a...

New Members

Vera Sarina
University of Western Ontario
Maureen Beam
Culinary Institute of America
SALMA ABDUL RAZAK
IPG KAMPUS DATO' RAZALI ISMAIL
Growthtrack Info Tech Pvt Ltd
other
Quran Institute Online Canada
Quran Institute Online Canada
Wesley Jackson
Arkansas State University, Jonesboro
Alina Mikel
Durham University
Holli Gonzalez
Bakersfield College
Popenciuc Madalina
Cupseni
Tim Kochem
Iowa State University
Jean Marie Rufin
Department of Education
Marta Serrano Gil
Junta de Castilla y León
Ayat Academy
Edge Hill University
Tami Nelson
Elk Grove Unified School District
Marco Esposito
Ocean County Vocational Technical School
Shalala Mammadli
Masazir village secondary school 5
Sulaganya Punyayodhin
Rangsit University
Rhonda Kay Bennett
SMB Tech School SMB Technology
LUANA HOLMES
Rollins College/ OCPS
Sumeshini Naidoo
Stadio
Djamila Baroni
Universidade Aberta
Fionalee Labiano
University of the Philippines
Teresa Tejada
Teresa
Jennifer Barclay
School District

Materials by Discipline

Professional Organizations

Journals & Publications

Teacher Ed on the Web

Error Reading RSS Feed
May 04, 2025 02:49 PM PDT
PNU offers 9 new education equivalency courses | The Manila Times
May 04, 2025 01:33 PM PDT
More Than a Classroom - DailyNews
May 04, 2025 01:02 PM PDT
Two Bikers Steal Gold Chain from Trader in Bhat, Caught on CCTV | TV9 - YouTube
May 04, 2025 11:18 AM PDT
AIOU To Hold Two-day Intl Moot On Quality Teacher Education On 13 May - UrduPoint
May 04, 2025 11:00 AM PDT
DTU all set to get a permanent campus in Narela | Delhi News - The Times of India
May 04, 2025 10:58 AM PDT
'THE NEED FOR COLLECTIVE ACADEMIC CONTRIBUTIONS' | MorungExpress
May 04, 2025 09:28 AM PDT
Misassigned, misaligned, misled - Daily Guardian
May 04, 2025 09:10 AM PDT
AIOU to hold two-day Int'l moot on "Quality Teacher Education" on 13 May
May 04, 2025 06:58 AM PDT
Gujarat CM Celebrates Young Achievers, Advocates 'Viksit Bharat' | Headlines
May 04, 2025 06:38 AM PDT
Teacher trainers equipped to handle special needs children - Daily Monitor
May 04, 2025 06:19 AM PDT
How the Trump administration has impacted these college seniors' career plans
May 04, 2025 06:11 AM PDT

NPR's Ayesha Rascoe asks college seniors Bobby McAlpine, Alyssa Johnson, and Liam Powell how they've changed their post-graduation plans in light of the upheaval caused by the Trump administration.
Monash appoints Professor Mary Ryan as next Dean, Faculty of Education
May 04, 2025 05:48 AM PDT
Perspective | Creating the Teaching with Joy Network - EducationNC - EdNC.org
May 04, 2025 05:41 AM PDT
Rajasthan PTET 2025 registrations to close on May 5
May 04, 2025 04:48 AM PDT
Rajasthan PTET 2025: Registration Date Extended Again Till May 5; Details Here
May 04, 2025 04:44 AM PDT
A D.C. beauty school offers incarcerated people a second chance - The Washington Post
May 04, 2025 03:32 AM PDT
Rajasthan PTET 2025 Registration Ends Tomorrow At ptetvmoukota2025.in - Zee News
May 04, 2025 02:02 AM PDT
Trump Battles Universities, but Especially Harvard and the Ivy League
May 04, 2025 02:01 AM PDT

Beyond the politics is a brew of resentment and reverence that the president, an Ivy League graduate himself, has long harbored for a club that has never accepted him.
Centre Withholds 15,000 Crore Meant for Kerala's Public Education Sector - Deshabhimani
May 03, 2025 11:53 PM PDT
SM St Francis Xavier, SK Bundu are champions - Daily Express Malaysia
May 03, 2025 07:42 PM PDT
Dual Mandate: FG Implements Policy Across Federal Colleges of Education - THISDAYLIVE
May 03, 2025 07:33 PM PDT
Dr. Iyela Ajayi: A Beacon Of Hope For Nigeria's Education
May 03, 2025 05:21 PM PDT
Harvard’s President Alan Garber Talks About His Legal Fight With Trump
May 03, 2025 09:09 AM PDT

Alan Garber became a hero to liberals after Harvard resisted the federal government. At the same time, he is trying to remake campus culture in ways the Trump administration might appreciate.
FG empowers colleges of education to offer NCE, bachelor's degrees - The Street Journal
May 03, 2025 02:15 AM PDT
2 women shot on campus of small technical college near Los Angeles
May 02, 2025 07:39 PM PDT
University of California’s New President, James Milliken, Will Come From Texas
May 02, 2025 06:56 PM PDT

James B. Milliken will lead the California system, relinquishing his position as the chancellor of the University of Texas system.
Funds for K-12 Students Are on the Chopping Block in Trump’s Budget
May 02, 2025 03:27 PM PDT

The proposal seeks a cut of $4.5 billion for primary and secondary schools.
Trump Says He’s ‘Taking Away’ Harvard’s Tax Exempt Status
May 02, 2025 03:25 PM PDT

President Trump on Friday said he would be “taking away” the university’s status, renewing a threat he made last month. It was not immediately clear if the I.R.S. was moving forward with a change.
Mohsen Mahdawi, Columbia Student Detained by Trump Administration, Is Freed
May 02, 2025 03:15 PM PDT

Mohsen Mahdawi had been an organizer of pro-Palestinian protests at the university. The Trump administration is trying to deport him for it.
Are you expected to start repaying your defaulted student loans? NPR wants to know
May 02, 2025 12:04 PM PDT

How will having to start repaying your student loans affect your financial situation? Tell us about your experience, and we may be in touch for an upcoming story on Morning Edition.
Who Decides How Much You Pay for College? Here’s How Scholarships Are Set.
May 02, 2025 10:31 AM PDT

Schools turn to little-known consultants, owned by private equity firms, to find applicants and calculate scholarships. Here’s how that affects the price you pay.
Harvard Hires Conservative Lawyers to Fight Trump Administration
May 02, 2025 09:59 AM PDT

Harvard has hired lawyers connected to conservative Supreme Court justices and President Trump himself to fight its case against the government.
Trump again threatens Harvard's tax-exempt status, saying, 'It's what they deserve!'
May 02, 2025 07:59 AM PDT

Trump's comments on social media marked the latest volley in a battle between the administration and the wealthiest college in the world.
Balancing early K-12 success with long-term outcomes
May 02, 2025 06:57 AM PDT

Steubenville, Ohio, has gained national attention for its exceptional K-12 academic performance, with third-graders achieving -More-
Cross-Age Tutoring: Student Tutors Teach Others And Themselves
May 02, 2025 02:00 AM PDT

A new study found that cross-age tutoring leads to improvements in both tutees and tutors.
In Alabama Commencement Speech, Trump Mixes In the Political
May 01, 2025 11:53 PM PDT

Between pieces of advice like “don’t try to be someone else,” the president attacked political foes and discussed everything from egg prices to transgender rights, often to cheers from the crowd.
New York May Weaken Its Oversight Over Religious Schools
May 01, 2025 02:29 PM PDT

A potential last-minute addition to the state budget would amount to a major victory for Hasidic Jewish leaders.
Students at FSU demand better safety measures after shooting on campus
May 01, 2025 02:14 PM PDT

After a campus shooting in April, students at Florida State University are demanding more safety measures. It was the second shooting on the campus in just over a decade.
Justice Dept.’s Criminal Inquiry of Columbia Protesters Raised Alarms Internally
May 01, 2025 01:56 PM PDT

Behind the scenes, a top department official pressed employees to gather a list of activists and investigate them, people familiar with the matter said.
What Teenagers Are Saying About Cursing
May 01, 2025 01:55 PM PDT

Students debate whether there is too much of it today, in what cases it’s appropriate, and when it becomes a problem.
Trump Administration Cancels $1 Billion in Grants for Student Mental Health
May 01, 2025 11:15 AM PDT

Congress authorized the money in a bipartisan breakthrough around addressing gun violence after a shooting at an elementary school in Uvalde, Texas, killed 19 children and two teachers.
Education Department stops $1 billion in funding for school mental health
May 01, 2025 08:21 AM PDT

Congress created the grants in the aftermath of the school shooting in Uvalde, Texas. The goal was to help schools hire mental health professionals, including counselors and social workers.
Republicans say they will still push education based on legal status
May 01, 2025 02:00 AM PDT

The Tennessee Legislature aimed to challenge a 1982 ruling by the U.S. Supreme Court that established a right to education for all students. Republican lawmakers still hope to overturn that.
Can philanthropy fill the gap as government aid shrinks? A NYT reporter weighs in
May 01, 2025 01:32 AM PDT

Is private philanthropy an option to fill the gaps in funding for universities seeing federal funding threatened or frozen? NPR asks New York Times reporter Teddy Schleifer.
On California’s State Bar Exam, More Questions Than Answers
Apr 30, 2025 08:39 PM PDT

The State Bar of California’s new exam has been rife with problems, an A.I. controversy and now the likelihood of delayed results.
Supreme Court Seems Open to a Religious Charter School in Oklahoma
Apr 30, 2025 02:06 PM PDT

The justices have allowed vouchers for religious schools and required equal treatment in tuition programs. But direct government payments to religious public schools pose a new test.
Supreme Court seems poised to require state-funded charter schools to include religious schools
Apr 30, 2025 01:49 PM PDT

The case is from Oklahoma, which like 45 other states, has laws that say charter schools must be public schools funded by the state, closely supervised by the state, and be non-sectarian.
This State University Has a Plan to Take on Trump
Apr 30, 2025 08:31 AM PDT

Two professors from Rutgers University in New Jersey went out on a limb to write a “mutual defense compact” for Big Ten schools. Their effort is gaining steam.
Justice Amy Coney Barrett Recuses Herself in a Charter School Case
Apr 30, 2025 06:32 AM PDT

The justice will not participate in oral argument, deliberations or vote. She gave no explanation.
What to Know About St. Isidore, Online Charter School in Supreme Court Case
Apr 30, 2025 06:19 AM PDT

The virtual school, named for the patron saint of the internet, would be funded by Oklahoma taxpayers and incorporate Catholic teachings into its curriculum.
Can charter schools be religious? If so, what does that mean for public education?
Apr 30, 2025 02:00 AM PDT

The case could transform public education in the United States.
Republicans plan to overhaul the federal student loan system. Here's what to know
Apr 30, 2025 01:49 AM PDT

The Republican proposal would eliminate grad PLUS loans, set strict limits on parent PLUS loans and create a system in which colleges would be on the hook if their students don't repay their loans.
Ex-School Athletic Director Gets 4 Months in Jail for Racist Deepfake Recording
Apr 29, 2025 03:35 PM PDT

Dazhon Darien, 32, who worked at Pikesville High School in Baltimore County, pleaded guilty to disturbing school operations.
Mellon Foundation Announces $15 Million for Humanities Councils
Apr 29, 2025 02:38 PM PDT

The emergency funding came after the National Endowment for the Humanities canceled most existing grants, part of a pivot toward President Trump’s priorities.
Rebuilding Trust In School Leadership In An Untrusting World
Apr 29, 2025 02:00 AM PDT

Trust in leadership is increasingly fragile. School leaders must prioritize rebuilding and maintaining it now, more than ever
What Is Teachable Machine? How to Use It to Teach AI
Apr 28, 2025 02:00 AM PDT

Teachable Machine is an active way to help students learn about AI creatively.
Deep Search in Academic Research: Opportunities and Cautions for K-12 Education
Apr 28, 2025 02:00 AM PDT

By equipping students with the skills to navigate and responsibly use deep search technologies, K-12 educators can cultivate a generation of empowered learners
The Power of Community: Developing the Next Generation of Edtech Leaders
Apr 25, 2025 02:00 AM PDT

“We lead people, not the work.” During the recent CoSN conference, edtech leaders came together to discuss how to build stronger succession pipelines.
Tech & Learning Launches Best of Show at ISTELive 2025
Apr 24, 2025 02:58 AM PDT

This annual awards celebrates the products, and businesses behind each one, who are transforming education in schools around the world.
Getting A Teaching Job: Cutting Through Digital Clutter By Telling Your Story
Apr 24, 2025 02:00 AM PDT

By talking about myself in the right way, I've found new opportunities in education and beyond.
What Is OctoStudio? How to Use It to Teach Coding
Apr 23, 2025 02:00 AM PDT

OctoStudio is a fun coding app that lets students get creative with real-world interactions.
PRODUCT SPOTLIGHT: A Signal That Good Things Are Coming
Apr 22, 2025 06:26 AM PDT

Rob Chambers, EVP of Product at Lightspeed Systems, on solving school IT challenges with Lightspeed Insight and Signal
Optimizing A Study Schedule With AI
Apr 22, 2025 02:00 AM PDT

AI tools such as ChatGPT can be powerful assistants in creating a personalized study schedule
Design Principles for Outdoor Teaching
Apr 21, 2025 02:00 AM PDT

A new edition of a classic book on outdoor learning guides educators on creating lessons that harness students’ natural love of nature.
6 Online Edtech Professional Learning Communities & Resources for Teachers
Apr 18, 2025 02:00 AM PDT

These resources can help provide training, best practices, and advice, for using digital tools such as Canva, Curipod, Kahoot!, and more
Do Students Learn More Writing or Typing?
Apr 17, 2025 02:00 AM PDT

The answer of writing or typing is complicated, says a cognitive scientist, and has been oversimplified in the past.
PRODUCT SPOTLIGHT: Branching Minds’ AI Connects the Dots
Apr 16, 2025 12:07 PM PDT

Branching Minds co-founder Maya Gat explains how AI now helps support the influential MTSS platform
Yorescape: How to Use It to Teach
Apr 16, 2025 02:00 AM PDT

Yorescape lets students travel the world, and through time, without leaving the classroom.
K-12 Cybersecurity in the Age of AI: Taking Back Control
Apr 15, 2025 02:00 AM PDT

How districts can take charge of their cybersecurity strategy
OpenAI’s New Viral Art-Generating Tool and Its Potential for Teaching
Apr 15, 2025 02:00 AM PDT

OpenAI’s new and improved art-generating capabilities have led to a Studio Ghibli-style viral trend and millions of users. What does it mean for the classroom?
Science Journal for Kids: How to Use It to Teach Science
Apr 14, 2025 02:00 AM PDT

Science Journal for Kids is a science magazine for kids that's created on their level.
10 Ways Educators Can Use AI to Streamline Daily Life
Apr 14, 2025 02:00 AM PDT

By offloading some of the daily mental tasks to AI, you can save time and free up brainpower for the things that matter most
Educator Edtech Review: The Xploris STEAM Solution
Apr 11, 2025 02:00 AM PDT

The Xploris is an all-in-one grade K-5 STEAM platform integrating multiple disciplines to enhance creativity, critical thinking, and problem-solving skills, all in a compact, portable device.
5 Ways Schools Can Prepare Students For AI
Apr 10, 2025 02:00 AM PDT

To prepare for tomorrow, AI education must start today
What Is Colleague AI And How Can I Use It to Teach?
Apr 09, 2025 02:00 AM PDT

Colleague AI offers bot buddies to assist teachers and students in class and beyond.
How Generative AI Can Propel Education
Apr 08, 2025 02:00 AM PDT

Educational innovation exists, but it can move slowly at times. Does generative AI have what it takes to push the envelope in a notoriously lacking space?
Student-Led Security Operation Centers
Apr 07, 2025 02:00 AM PDT

A growing number of universities are employing students at their Security Operations Center. Here’s what that looks like in practice.
Using AI For Mail Merge
Apr 07, 2025 02:00 AM PDT

The nostalgia of mail merge is back, thanks to analog and AI!
How to Promote AI Synergy
Apr 04, 2025 02:00 AM PDT

Each AI tool has its own benefits, but combining multiple tools together can result in a solution you might not have foreseen before.
What is Quizalize and How Can I Use It To Teach?
Apr 03, 2025 02:00 AM PDT

Quizalize gamifies quiz based learning to help in education.
ChatGPT Talks Now. What Does That Mean For Teaching?
Apr 02, 2025 02:00 AM PDT

OpenAI’s Advanced Voice Mode ChatGPT assistant is light years ahead of more common voice assistants, and can sometimes be so lifelike, it’s spooky.
Financial Literacy Lessons & Activities
Apr 01, 2025 02:00 AM PDT

Celebrate Financial Literacy Month with these lessons and activities
Edtech Show & Tell: April 2025
Apr 01, 2025 02:00 AM PDT

New edtech products that have caught our attention this month
Competency-Based Learning and Microcredentials
Mar 31, 2025 02:00 AM PDT

Competency-based learning is an important teaching strategy for students and teacher professional development. The strategy also connects naturally with microcredentials.
What is Almanack and How Can I Use It To Teach?
Mar 31, 2025 02:00 AM PDT

Almanack is an AI tool designed to help teachers create slide decks, report cards and much more.
PRODUCT SPOTLIGHT: MAXCases Shield Extreme-X2 with 3.5mm Adapter and Tamper-Resistant Design for iPad 10/11 Offers Stronger Protection for Schools
Mar 28, 2025 02:33 PM PDT

MAXCases Shield Extreme-X2 offers new features to improve protection and flexibility.
How AI Can Help With Executive Coaching
Mar 27, 2025 02:00 AM PDT

AI programs can work wonders with teachers and menial school tasks, but it can also help to expand executive coaching within the educational space.
Story Xperiential: How to Use It to Teach Storytelling
Mar 26, 2025 02:00 AM PDT

Story Xperiential teaches students Pixar-level creativity, direct from the pros.
Creating a Student Podcast
Mar 25, 2025 02:00 AM PDT

A student podcast program can help establish communication skills, leadership skills, and a foundation in technology that all can create well-rounded lifelong learners.
Explaining Your School’s AI Approach To Parents
Mar 24, 2025 02:00 AM PDT

As more and more schools are using AI, an award-winning educator shares tips for making sure parents are on board with it.
Creating a Student Technology Leadership Program
Mar 24, 2025 02:00 AM PDT

Preparing and implementing a student technology leadership program can provide real-world experience and propel students forward in their education and career.
The Role of School Leaders in Ensuring Ethical Technology Use and Data Privacy
Mar 21, 2025 02:00 AM PDT

As technology continues to expand in education, school leaders need to drive its ethical use and the protection of student data.
Gemini: Teaching With Google’s AI Chatbot
Mar 20, 2025 02:00 AM PDT

Gemini, Google’s flagship generative AI model, can help educators with lesson planning and more, though it's not as effective as platforms specifically designed for education
SEN Teacher: How to Use It for Special Needs Education
Mar 19, 2025 02:00 AM PDT

SEN Teacher is a well established online resource for special needs teaching.
Best Free AI Image Generators
Mar 18, 2025 02:01 AM PDT

We test the best free AI image generators to see which are best for your needs.
Ransomware 2.0: Recent Hacking Trends and How To Guard Against Them
Mar 17, 2025 02:00 AM PDT

Ransomware methods and strategies are evolving but there are still low-cast interventions to counter these attacks.